"The companies have not shared enough of their profits with their employees, and this could dampen the recovery," says Aneta Markowska, economist at Societe Generale CIB. In the U.S., the share of corporate revenues redistributed to employees has dropped from 59.8% in the second quarter, its lowest level since the Second World War.

Recruitment at half

Paradoxically, "the companies that have entered the crisis with little debt and thus did not need to rebalance their balance sheets, accumulate cash and threaten the recovery," says Aneta Markowska. Their cash is now nearly 6% of their assets, against less than 4.5% before the crisis. A level not seen since the 50s, according to figures from Societe Generale CIB. The most obvious translation of this strategy, they block the hiring.

Natixis, the head of economic research, Patrick Artus, made the same observation. In a classical revival, the increase in profits resulting from investment, thus creating jobs, which in turn produce growth. But this time it's different.'Distortion of revenue sharing to the detriment of employees led to the weakening of wage and salary income, thus accentuating the weakness of domestic demand, "says Patrick Artus in a note. In the U.S., it will need more time to households in debt up to his neck to clean up their finances before eating again.

Uncertainty

If companies are ants and jealously guard their cash flow, because a great uncertainty surrounding the economic outlook. Because of fears of fallout in recession, "they do not know what will be their future profits and (in the U.S., Ed) they have difficulty in measuring what the impact of tax measures on the viability of their projects investment ", according to Societe Generale economist IPC.

Growth at half-profits on the rise, "he will have to get used to the difference," said Patrick Artus, who believes this is a trend. First, large groups are investing in emerging markets with high potential, which boosts their results. Then the credit market freeze that followed the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers has scalded. They now want to finance their own investments and not to depend on external funding.

"It is in times of transition, summarized perhaps one at the Elysee. The real battle will take place from September. "The for Sarkozy are well aware that this first parliamentary stage was a formality. Not surprisingly, the debates have been looped smoothly."The Socialists have just wanted to make a coup by breaking the lock-in twitter discussions with their phone," is a counselor. What the left willingly admits. For now, she preferred surf the weakening of Labour Minister Caught in the case Bettencourt. Godsend for the Socialists, who are careful not to request his resignation.

Paradoxically, the majority seemed more worried by the progress of the case and its component Bettencourt Woerth that by the turn of the debate on pensions. "The left is going clubbing Woerth in September. He held up? "Wonders already a minister. The Elysee hopes that the summer break will reduce the pressure. Nicolas Sarkozy and François Fillon reiterated that Eric Woerth defend indeed the text on Sept. 7. In other words, he will not be driven to resign by then."It is quiet because we know there is nothing in the record," says the Prime Minister.

"Everything will be decided in September. We are ready for battle. But it also depends on the mobilization in the streets, "says one seat in the PS. Clearly, the left hopes to build on part of the public. Even if the opponents and proponents of reform are divided into two shares more or less equal faxless cash advance.

Unions united

Unions, too, prepare to maturity. For September 7 will also be a new day of strikes and protests against the reform that SF has, once again, on Thursday asked the "withdrawal". In reality, most organizations do not believe and do not even dream to win concessions on key points, beginning with the postponement of the age to 62 years.However, they have not conceded the changes on other aspects of the text during the parliamentary debate.

They rely for that on the "pressure" of the street. Will they exceed the threshold of two million demonstrators, after 1.9 million announced on the evening of the last day of action – successful – last June 24? Not easy to mobilize massively, just days after school starts. Therefore plants have continued their campaign all summer, touring the beaches to the CFDT distributed a booklet "educational" on reform and its "alternative" possible, the CGT.

The unions will have an advantage: their unity restored. Having refused to sign for months, FOR has joined its competitors, and the CFE-CGC has done the same.It is the only organization to accept the decline of legal age, but she believes that the conditions there pose – including a strong financial closure of the reform – are not met.

Faced with this united front, the government has chosen to keep the ballast drop. He has done at this stage, no specific proposals on issues which he is willing to develop: difficulty, and long careers polypensionnés.

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"Unjust and unacceptable"

Trade unions, traditionally opposed the reforms they consider "unfair and unacceptable" because it would further inequalities have already planned to protest during the presentation of the Council of Ministers."The proposed reform does not respond to questions of employment, particularly youth and seniors, or the reversal of gender inequalities, or to the recognition of the hardship … It refers to the uncertainty of future generations sustainability of pension secured by the division, they were justified in a statement. They also criticized the closure of financial reform that puts "more than 85% of efforts" to employees only and require "a different distribution of wealth produced, particularly through higher taxes than expected capital income and senior income.

Eric Woerth's proposal to improve the bill at the time of the examination to the National Assembly from September 7 on three aspects of the text (strain at work, and long careers polypensionnés) has yet not had the desired effect.Even the beginnings of a better consideration of the prevention of the hardship brought up by the entourage of the Minister of Labour at a meeting with labor, has left them unmoved. "We want a broader discussion, said Friday Eric Aubin, the negotiator of the CGT, after an interview Rue de Grenelle. The position of the government that it seeks to show a continued dialogue. But we ride seriously and it confirms our intention to build a strong mobilization on September 7. "

On this day, the unions have scheduled a new day of strikes and unit mobilization, hoping to do better than June 24 when 800 000 people (and by 1.9 million CGT) had beaten the streets across France to protest against the postponement of 60 years. And thus weigh more on debates in Parliament.They do not despair, no longer convinced by that number of MPs to amend by Social Affairs Committee – where the text will be examined from July 20 to 22 – the bill. The CFDT has also planned to "harass" the summer MPs in their constituency. Act II of the 2010 pension reform does so may just be beginning.

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Shouting "not only on our shoulders," they denounced the sacrifices imposed by the government of Silvio Berlusconi to reduce the public deficit from 5.3% to 3.9% next year and 2.7% of GDP 2012.

At a rally Piazza del Popolo, Guglielmo Epifani, Secretary General of the CGIL, reiterated that his organization was not opposed to a correction of the accounts of the state. "We reject this maneuver only made budget cuts without structural reforms or measures to support investment, particularly in public education and research," he told Le Figaro before the start of the event."Those who will pay for will mainly employees and the lowest incomes while wealth and annuities will not be affected."

Guglielmo Epifani also calls for a broad mobilization to invite the Parliament, which will begin consideration of the bill next week, "to modify".

The CGIL has launched on June 25 a word of general strike of four hours in the private sector and the public 24 hours.

For its part, the Democratic Party (PD), the main opposition, has announced a rally against the plan "unfair" in Rome June 19 while magistrates, public sector doctors and world culture multiply protests.

The government plans to freeze wages and hiring in the civil service for two years and 10% reduction in the allocation of ministries and local authorities.No new taxes would be raised and the taxation of financial income would continue to benefit from a preferential rate, but a greater effort would be made against tax evasion.

For the Bank of Italy, the austerity plan could result in a reduction of O, 5% of GDP in 2011/2012 "as a result of compression of consumption and investment." Italy expects a growth of 1% this year and 1.5% in 2011.

Events in Germany

Protests against the rigor were also held in Germany. Between 15,000 and 20,000 people marched in Berlin, organizers said. And between 10,000, according to police, and 20,000, according to organizers, Stuttgart.

The German government announced Monday an austerity plan of 80 billion euros by 2013.He wants to save 11 billion euros in the budget 2011, including through budget cuts in military spending and social.

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The World Health Organization (WHO) has called last May 18 that Israel end the blockade, in a resolution adopted at the annual meeting of its members. A month earlier, during a visit to the Palestinian enclave, the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon had said that the Israeli embargo was "not sustainable".

The last European Commission report on the Gaza Strip, published in March 2009, estimated the damage caused by the blockade on the territory's economy, all economic and social sectors together, to 514.3 million euros.GDP in the Palestinian territories has dropped 5% in 2006 to 3% in 2007 and 2.7% in 2008.

• Unemployment

The unemployment rate stood at 38.6% of the workforce in 2009, according to the Palestinian Bureau of Statistics. It was 37% in 2008, according to the CIA, which places the Gaza Strip in 188th place worldwide in terms of number of unemployed.

• Poverty

70% of the population of Gaza lived below the poverty line in 2009, according to the CIA. UNRWA (UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East) has estimated that the number of refugees living in extreme poverty in Gaza has tripled since the beginning of the blockade in 2007 of about 100,000 to about 300,000. On the other hand, food insecurity involved 60.5% of households last year, against 56% in 2008, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).In its report, the Commission stresses that more than 90% of the population depends on food aid from UN agencies. In February 2009, the UN had launched an appeal for emergency aid for the Gaza Strip, aiming to raise 613 million dollars (479 million euros) from the international community.

• Agriculture and fisheries

According to the report of the European Commission, 46% of farmland in the region were deemed "inaccessible" or where production was interrupted in late June 2009. Agricultural workers accounted for only 7.4% of the workforce in the fourth quarter of 2009, against 12.7% in the second quarter of 2007, according to the Palestinian Bureau of Statistics.The commercial organization Palestine Trade Center (Paltrade) said in a recent report that, without the restrictions imposed on the transport of goods, agricultural exports from the Gaza Strip could represent 2,300 tons of raspberries, 55 million cut flowers and 714 tons cherry tomatoes per year. Fishing has also suffered. Since January 2009, the areas accessible to fishermen were again reduced, to 3 nautical miles offshore. Consequently, the total fish catch has dropped by 47% between 2008 and 2009, according to the Palestinian Ministry of Agriculture.

• Industry, trade and services

According to the report of the organization Paltrade, 95% of 3750 plants in the Gaza Strip have been closed or destroyed, putting some 40,000 unemployed workers (94% of their employees). In 2009, the industrial sector weighed only 5% of the workforce, according to the CIA.Paltrade adds that the 5% of factories still operating in the Palestinian territory that does not rotate between 20 and 50% of their total production capacity. The food industry, for example, has recorded losses of $ 37.1 million in 2009 due to a complete halt to exports. She had only 16 factories last year, against 30 in 2008 and 100 in 2005. Other sectors have been severely affected, particularly the construction, energy, transport and telecommunications. Thus, some 10,000 subscribers have seen their fixed telephone services interrupted, while 330,000 mobile phone users have been affected by these cuts, notes the European Commission.

• Infrastructure

The infrastructure of Gaza has been devastated by lack of materials and construction equipment.A lack which stems directly from the blockade imposed on the territory, "said United Nations Program for Development (UNDP). More than a year after the military operation Cast Lead conducted by the IDF in the Gaza Strip, three-quarters of infrastructure damaged or destroyed are still not rebuilt or rehabilitated, says a UNDP report. The UN program was estimated last year that the cost of damage caused on the roads and bridges in the Gaza Strip rose to 18.6 million euros. His report also highlights that 82.5% of schools are still in ruins.

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According to the Thursday edition of The Wall Street Journal, "the Board of Directors of Continental met Wednesday and has scheduled another meeting on Friday (the day, Ed)" with United, citing sources familiar with the matter.

Two years after failing in their negotiations – the two groups did not agree because of unions and integration costs – United and Continental, whose bosses have always wanted to participate in the movement of Contraction sector, would now be on the same wavelength.

These last two weeks, the talks resumed but opinions differed on how the modality of trade action.

U.S. leadership to

This union intervendrait and only one week after the breakdown of negotiations between U.S. Airways and United Airlines. If the proposed merger between Continental and United Airlines led the new group would become the U.S. leader in the sector, ahead of Delta Airlines, with a market capitalization of over $ 6 billion.

It remains to be seen whether the authority will accept American competition this marriage Guaranteed unsecured personal loan. For who says merger often said job cuts and higher fares.What politically wrong.

A refusal has been lived to its reasons for U.S. Airways and United Airlines, almost 10 years ago, when they had proposed a reconciliation.

A need for synergies

While the sector has experienced in 2009 "the worst year's ever known industry, concentration is a single best way to achieve synergies and economies of scale.

The North American companies have suffered a loss of 3.1 billion dollars last year, according to the International Air Transport Association (IATA).

For 2010, although the estimates have been reported by IATA, the performance accrue largely to companies in emerging countries (Asia and South America), while companies in North America and Europe still would suffer heavy losses, the about 1.8 billion dollars for the former and 2.2 billion for the latter.

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The metal was then hit by the crisis in the automotive industry which represents 50% of global demand. But the latter had declined 13% on average in 2009, the decline in other markets (jewelry, dentistry or chemistry) is unrepresentative.

The automotive industry uses palladium for catalytic converters for cars. This silver is resistant to corrosion and most importantly, it has the ability to absorb hydrogen and thus reduce the toxicity of exhaust gases.A key element in a time of anti-pollution standards imposed on the sector. Palladium has also initiated a frank increase in December 2009, when the summit was held in Copenhagen …

China stirs prospects

The increase in auto sales in March in Europe and the United States thus partly explains the renewed interest in this metal. But it is good to the Chinese automotive market as all investors are now looking. China became the world's biggest car market to the U.S. last year, grew its sales by 55.8% yoy to 1.74 million units, registering a new monthly record.

"Platinum is used in catalytic systems for diesel engines while palladium team mainly gasoline cars.Yet it is these that equip the Chinese fleet, "said Arnaud du Plessis, head of the center ring and co-manager of the Fund International Fructifonds Now Natixis Asset Management. The prospects are interesting while the country's auto sector is undergoing renewal. The equipment rate is 8 cars per 1,000 inhabitants, against 502 or 745 in Japan to the United States. There should be more cars in China than the United States in 2020! .

The country, considered one of the worst polluter on the planet, is also expected to increasingly move towards cleaner technologies. "These are the industry perspectives that make the market upwards," says the analyst.

Speculation

Another element of explanation of rising prices is the financial interest that is now the Palladium for speculators.Last January, three index funds based on platinum and palladium have been introduced in Switzerland and the U.S. fast cash. These ETFs (exchange traded funds) allow investors to bet on palladium and platinum without the hassle of bullion.

"These ETFs are attractive in this small market. We have already seen with the gold. For the first time in 2009, the new demand for ETFs has surpassed that of jewelry. In other words, the financial demand has exceeded industrial demand. This could also happen with palladium, "says Arnaud du Plessis. "The precious metals are generally an asset class in its own right, whereas before, this small market was more restricted to industrial.Now, it helps to diversify the portfolio because these metals are not highly correlated with the rest of the market.

The Russian market queen

Investors also expect the risk of reduced supply. The production of palladium is in fact highly concentrated: Russia and South Africa alone is home to 90% of recoverable reserves. Russia has secured a strategic stockpile in the years 70-80 which allowed him to play on the market. Norilsk Nickel, the first world producer of nickel and palladium, has also often been accused of restricting its exports for political purposes. In 2000, for example, it has put on the market 161.7 tons while demand was estimated at 261.3 tons. Today, the size of these stocks is a closely guarded secret by the Russian government, but experts believe it would be very low.

The fear of a weakening of the offer comes as problems faced by South African producers. The weakness of the country's electricity network is anticipating trouble to keep active mines, very energy intensive. In early April, prices surged after the announcement by the British mining group Lonmin, a restructuring plan employee departures in 5500 its mines in South Africa.

Attracted by the potential of palladium, the most marginal American players are emerging. "With rising prices, mining, the extraction is more expensive to go back into production," said Arnaud du Plessis. For the latter, the palladium market should still be stabilizing: "It is close to the top of 2008 with close to one ounce of $ 600. From this threshold, it will be more careful, "he says.Natixis analyst warned: "Market fundamentals still remain bullish, at least as long as no alternative method of palladium for catalytic converters will be discovered. In this case, the impact will be extremely negative. "

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Delzant Ellen: The Basel Committee has submitted to banks on December 31 last, ten recommendations for strengthening the system of banking supervision and harmonize accounting and prudential standards.

The new regulation called "Basel III" offers a better credit side, with the strengthening of equity and weighted by their market activities, securitization or counterparty risk. And the other, a much higher level of liquidity that banks can refinance markets. According to recent studies, these new standards would impose on banks to raise, by 2012, approximately 450 billion euros in capital to 1.500 billion debt.

What seems impossible in the eyes of banks, explaining that such rules would threaten the financing of the economy. The recommendations of Basel III were subjected to these banks, who are currently studying more accurately the impact of such measures. They make their copy on April 16 next.

The aim would be to implement a new regulation in 2012, the time that the economy really recovering from the crisis.

What exactly is the tax on banks which Berlin and Paris agreed on Wednesday?

At Summit Pittsburgh, which took place in September 2009, the G20 countries have shown their determination to rethink the regulation of the financial system, particularly for states to prevent digging into the coffers filled by taxpayers to save banks the bankruptcy crisis.

In Europe, there are already many discussions on this aspect of bank failures. And in Germany, recently adopted a tax credit that would put money into a rescue fund to be used in case of difficulty of the banking system. Such a tax would yield between 1 and 1.3 billion euros per year. What remains poor compared to the hundreds of billions of dollars injected by the German state banks. But pre-election period in Germany is already a good way to reassure taxpayers, who are also voters no fax cash loans.

Such a tax is not she justified since it was introduced in all countries?

Yes. But he must first of each country working at national level.Last Wednesday, while Christine Lagarde was alongside his German counterpart Wolfgang Sch?uble, France went in the direction of a tax credit. But it would fuel the state budget.

Whatever the allocation of such a tax, these are national decisions that will prevail, but will add a European, and even to globalize this process predominates, partly to avoid distortions of competition.

Already, the Franco-German cooperation is a strong sign of the desire to bring the case to the European level.A global control is obviously essential and the principle of transforming debt of banks capital seems consistent with the desire to take arms against a possible new crisis and save the taxpayers of the world's financial woes.

History:

• Basel I: In 1988, central bankers from the G-10 countries have issued recommendations to "ensure the stability of the international banking system by setting a minimum limit to the amount of bank capital.It showed the famous "Cooke ratio, established in 1992, which required that capital in relation to all lending commitments do not exceed 8%.

• Basel II: In 2006, the New Basel Accord, has established standards constitute a prudential perspective to improve understanding of banking risks, mainly credit risk or counterparty and capital requirements.

• Basel III: The governor of the Bank of the Netherlands, Nout Wellinck, chairman of the Basel Committee, announced December 31, 2009 "a profound change" prudential rules. The application of new standards will not happen until the world economy will not be permanently out of the crisis.Experts believe that Basel III should not occur before 2010 and 2011.

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Like every year, this underperformance is attributable to the business of transporting goods, whose loss has reached 520 million euros. The new deficit makes reform urgent cargo, which should lead to staff reductions and abandonment of the activity of individual wagon. "Our results for 2009 are that the amount of translation necessary restructuring of the industry, analyzes a senior officer of the public company.

To make matters worse, the TGV activity hitherto adjustment variable numbers of the group earned less money in 2009.For the first time this decade, its sales declined, while its operating margin fell by 422 million euros.

The company does not conceal its concern about a phenomenon of substance in addition to the impact of economic crisis. "Behind the difficult environment, we perceive a structural trend of slow decline in our margins due to higher expenses," e ect a part of the company. Trains said the planning has reduced from 120 million in operating margin. Another example: the TGV activity saw its personnel costs rise by 1.8% and tolls increase by 5%.This erosion of margins has boosted the group's debt rose from 6 billion euros in 2008 to 7.1 billion in 2009.

In undertaking the debate is not over

The station believes that these results raise the question of its business model and expectations of its shareholder, the state. If he waits her performance, the company will dispose of 20% of freight operations and close many unprofitable passenger lines. On the contrary, if the role of the station is to promote rail freight facing forward and contribute to the planning, the state should support it.

The state addressed the first issue in September by announcing a plan to support cargo of 7 billion euros. For now, its position is different on the passenger.In December he was called to order Guillaume Pepy, the chairman of SNCF, who said that higher tolls threatening the economic model of the TGV. In late January, he had clearly returned the station on the ropes when it was left leaking rumors of closure of unprofitable lines such as Paris-Arras, Lille, Strasbourg and Nantes and Strasbourg.

At the station, the debate does not seem closed. "The TGV is a system of equalization between internal profitable lines and those who are not, said a company executive. How can we maintain our Paris-Charleville-Mezieres if we levy more charges and more than a private competitor arrives on the Paris-Strasbourg, which is profitable? That the public to make a choice. "

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Ten years ago, world capitalism was attending the breakup of one of the most famous bubbles. That of. Com (dot com in English), these values of the "net economy" that even baptized "new economy". At the time, only 350 million people are connected to the Internet in the world against more than a billion and a half now. But in early 2000, analysts and fund venture capital are already there. They overestimate the ability of start-ups to become profitable and give them carte blanche.Just then an idea, a business plan presented on Powerpoint to convince venture capitalists to invest tens of millions even before he won any customer.

No matter, since a tsunami will occur: the bank branches will close in favor of online banking, consumers will no longer do their shopping in supermarkets and choose the sites of e-commerce …

At that time, Philip Collombel is responsible for web development at Carrefour. "A few months before the bubble burst, the group's leaders had planned to invest hundreds of millions of euros in this area," he recalls. Finally, all the ambitious ideas have been put in closets. "We threw the baby out with the bathwater," Regrets Philippe Collombel.Ten years and two owners later, Carrefour has announced its intention to buy a player in online commerce to catch up on the subject. Ooshop.com The site, launched at the time – now renamed Crossroads – sells little more than a large supermarket.

But the food is one of the few sectors where e-commerce has not taken a prominent place. The use of the Internet has indeed developed a massive scale, even if it took longer than expected.With their billions of dollars in profitable sales, Amazon, Yahoo, eBay are still there, joined by thousands of businesses, net of pure players or converted traditional players.

SNCF leading e-commerce

Who would have thought that the station would become the leading French online business? "Many of the ideas of 1999-2000, when they arrived too early, have proven today in the field of e-commerce, social networks, games, e-book, said Jean-Bernard Schmidt, the capital firm Sofinnova Venture Partners. The innovations were ready, the public has taken longer than expected to join. "

A French start-up, Cytale, then had the idea of the eBook, then disappeared after failing to make the model profitable. Posthumous revenge, last Christmas, is that Amazon said it had sold more than Kindle, its electronic reader that works paper.The email service Caramail, founded by the French pasionaria Web, Orianne Garcia and his associates, had established itself as number one in France, before disappearing off the face of Hotmail, now in the fold Microsoft. Meanwhile, Garcia and his partner Alexander Ross became pioneers in the distribution of contact lenses on the Internet.

The online business has not emptied the stores as had been predicted a decade ago, but he does not know the crisis, due to annual growth of 25% for two years in France. One in three adults regularly purchases on the Internet. Against all odds, clothing and footwear join books, high-tech and travel head of the most purchased. The Swedish site Boo.com, one of the most resounding failures of the bubble, was not entirely wrong. Today, sales, and other privees.com Showroomprive.com Rise in fashion D?griff?e.Zebank sank body and soul but Boursorama Bank, now a subsidiary of Societe Generale, prosperous and all banks now offer a one stop online.

Other pre-bubble phenomenon: lastminute.com has seen its share soar 40% on the day of its IPO in spring 2000 before we lose it again quickly and half to be sold to the U.S. in 2005 Saber.

This crisis has served as a "rite of passage, forming a large number of leaders," said Philippe Collombel who now heads the fund Partech International Partners. For Marc Simoncini, now head of his own investment fund, Jains Capital, the bursting of the bubble has had one virtue: "enhance the experience of failure."